Hardware Locality (hwloc): Hardware Locality

Hardware Locality (hwloc) 2.14.0rc1

Hardware Locality

# Portable abstraction of hierarchical architectures for high-performance computing

# Table of Contents

- Introduction
  - hwloc Overview
  - Command-line Examples
  - Programming Interface
  - Questions and Bugs
  - History / Credits
- Chapters
  - Installation
  - Compiling software on top of hwloc's C API
  - Terms and Definitions
  - Command-Line Tools
  - Environment Variables
  - CPU and Memory Binding Overview
  - I/O Devices
  - Miscellaneous objects
  - Object attributes
  - Topology Attributes: Distances, Memory Attributes and CPU Kinds
  - Heterogeneous Memory
  - Importing and exporting topologies from/to XML files
  - Synthetic topologies
  - Interoperability With Other Software
  - Thread Safety
  - Components and plugins
  - Embedding hwloc in Other Software
  - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
  - Upgrading to the hwloc 2.0 API

This page contains all the Introduction sections. Chapters are also available from the Related Pages tab above.

# hwloc Overview

The Hardware Locality (hwloc) software project aims at easing the process of discovering hardware resources in parallel architectures. It offers command-line tools and a C API for consulting these resources, their locality, attributes, and interconnection. hwloc primarily aims at helping high-performance computing (HPC) applications, but is also applicable to any project seeking to exploit code and/or data locality on modern computing platforms.

hwloc provides command line tools and a C API to obtain the hierarchical map of key computing elements within a node, such as: NUMA memory nodes, shared caches, processor packages, dies and cores, processing units (logical processors or "threads") and even I/O devices. hwloc also gathers various attributes such as cache and memory information, and is portable across a variety of different operating systems and platforms.

hwloc primarily aims at helping high-performance computing (HPC) applications, but is also applicable to any project seeking to exploit code and/or data locality on modern computing platforms.

hwloc supports the following operating systems:

- Linux (with knowledge of cgroups and cpusets, memory targets/initiators, etc.) on all supported hardware, including Intel Xeon Phi, ScaleMP vSMP, and NumaScale NumaConnect.
- Solaris (with support for processor sets and logical domains)
- AIX
- Darwin / OS X
- FreeBSD and its variants (such as kFreeBSD/GNU)
- NetBSD
- HP-UX
- Microsoft Windows
- IBM BlueGene/Q Compute Node Kernel (CNK)

Since it uses standard Operating System information, hwloc's support is mostly independant from the processor type (x86, powerpc, ...) and just relies on the Operating System support. The main exception is BSD operating systems (NetBSD, FreeBSD, etc.) because they do not provide support topology information, hence hwloc uses an x86-only CPUID-based backend (which can be used for other OSes too, see the Components and plugins section).

To check whether hwloc works on a particular machine, just try to build it and run lstopo or lstopo-no-graphics. If some things do not look right (e.g. bogus or missing cache information), see Questions and Bugs.

hwloc only reports the number of processors on unsupported operating systems; no topology information is available.

For development and debugging purposes, hwloc also offers the ability to work on "fake" topologies:

- Symmetrical tree of resources generated from a list of level arities, see Synthetic topologies.
- Remote machine simulation through the gathering of topology as XML files, see Importing and exporting topologies from/to XML files.

hwloc can display the topology in a human-readable format, either in graphical mode (X11), or by exporting in one of several different formats, including: plain text, LaTeX tikzpicture, PDF, PNG, and FIG (see Command-line Examples below). Note that some of the export formats require additional support libraries.

hwloc offers a programming interface for manipulating topologies and objects. It also brings a powerful CPU bitmap API that is used to describe topology objects location on physical/logical processors. See the Programming Interface below. It may also be used to binding applications onto certain cores or memory nodes. Several utility programs are also provided to ease command-line manipulation of topology objects, binding of processes, and so on.

Bindings for several other languages are available from the project website.

# Command-line Examples

On a 4-package 2-core machine with hyper-threading, the `lstopo` tool may show the following graphical output:

Here's the equivalent output in textual form:

    Machine
      NUMANode L#0 (P#0)
      Package L#0 + L3 L#0 (4096KB)
        L2 L#0 (1024KB) + L1 L#0 (16KB) + Core L#0
          PU L#0 (P#0)
          PU L#1 (P#8)
        L2 L#1 (1024KB) + L1 L#1 (16KB) + Core L#1
          PU L#2 (P#4)
          PU L#3 (P#12)
      Package L#1 + L3 L#1 (4096KB)
        L2 L#2 (1024KB) + L1 L#2 (16KB) + Core L#2
          PU L#4 (P#1)
          PU L#5 (P#9)
        L2 L#3 (1024KB) + L1 L#3 (16KB) + Core L#3
          PU L#6 (P#5)
          PU L#7 (P#13)
      Package L#2 + L3 L#2 (4096KB)
        L2 L#4 (1024KB) + L1 L#4 (16KB) + Core L#4
          PU L#8 (P#2)
          PU L#9 (P#10)
        L2 L#5 (1024KB) + L1 L#5 (16KB) + Core L#5
          PU L#10 (P#6)
          PU L#11 (P#14)
      Package L#3 + L3 L#3 (4096KB)
        L2 L#6 (1024KB) + L1 L#6 (16KB) + Core L#6
          PU L#12 (P#3)
          PU L#13 (P#11)
        L2 L#7 (1024KB) + L1 L#7 (16KB) + Core L#7
          PU L#14 (P#7)
          PU L#15 (P#15)

Note that there is also an equivalent output in XML that is meant for exporting/importing topologies but it is hardly readable to human-beings (see Importing and exporting topologies from/to XML files for details).

On a 4-package 2-core Opteron NUMA machine (with two core cores disallowed by the administrator), the `lstopo` tool may show the following graphical output (with --disallowed for displaying disallowed objects):

Here's the equivalent output in textual form:

    Machine (32GB total)
      Package L#0
        NUMANode L#0 (P#0 8190MB)
        L2 L#0 (1024KB) + L1 L#0 (64KB) + Core L#0 + PU L#0 (P#0)
        L2 L#1 (1024KB) + L1 L#1 (64KB) + Core L#1 + PU L#1 (P#1)
      Package L#1
        NUMANode L#1 (P#1 8192MB)
        L2 L#2 (1024KB) + L1 L#2 (64KB) + Core L#2 + PU L#2 (P#2)
        L2 L#3 (1024KB) + L1 L#3 (64KB) + Core L#3 + PU L#3 (P#3)
      Package L#2
        NUMANode L#2 (P#2 8192MB)
        L2 L#4 (1024KB) + L1 L#4 (64KB) + Core L#4 + PU L#4 (P#4)
        L2 L#5 (1024KB) + L1 L#5 (64KB) + Core L#5 + PU L#5 (P#5)
      Package L#3
        NUMANode L#3 (P#3 8192MB)
        L2 L#6 (1024KB) + L1 L#6 (64KB) + Core L#6 + PU L#6 (P#6)
        L2 L#7 (1024KB) + L1 L#7 (64KB) + Core L#7 + PU L#7 (P#7)

On a 2-package quad-core Xeon (pre-Nehalem, with 2 dual-core dies into each package):

Here's the same output in textual form:

    Machine (total 16GB)
      NUMANode L#0 (P#0 16GB)
      Package L#0
        L2 L#0 (4096KB)
          L1 L#0 (32KB) + Core L#0 + PU L#0 (P#0)
          L1 L#1 (32KB) + Core L#1 + PU L#1 (P#4)
        L2 L#1 (4096KB)
          L1 L#2 (32KB) + Core L#2 + PU L#2 (P#2)
          L1 L#3 (32KB) + Core L#3 + PU L#3 (P#6)
      Package L#1
        L2 L#2 (4096KB)
          L1 L#4 (32KB) + Core L#4 + PU L#4 (P#1)
          L1 L#5 (32KB) + Core L#5 + PU L#5 (P#5)
        L2 L#3 (4096KB)
          L1 L#6 (32KB) + Core L#6 + PU L#6 (P#3)
          L1 L#7 (32KB) + Core L#7 + PU L#7 (P#7)

# Programming Interface

The basic interface is available in hwloc.h. Some higher-level functions are available in hwloc/helper.h to reduce the need to manually manipulate objects and follow links between them. Documentation for all these is provided later in this document. Developers may also want to look at hwloc/inlines.h which contains the actual inline code of some hwloc.h routines, and at this document, which provides good higher-level topology traversal examples.

To precisely define the vocabulary used by hwloc, a Terms and Definitions section is available and should probably be read first.

Each hwloc object contains a cpuset describing the list of processing units that it contains. These bitmaps may be used for CPU binding and Memory binding. hwloc offers an extensive bitmap manipulation interface in hwloc/bitmap.h.

Moreover, hwloc also comes with additional helpers for interoperability with several commonly used environments. See the Interoperability With Other Software section for details.

The complete API documentation is available in a full set of HTML pages, man pages, and self-contained PDF files (formatted for both both US letter and A4 formats) in the source tarball in doc/doxygen-doc/.

NOTE: If you are building the documentation from a Git clone, you will need to have Doxygen and pdflatex installed – the documentation will be built during the normal "make" process. The documentation is installed during "make install" to $prefix/share/doc/hwloc/ and your systems default man page tree (under $prefix, of course).

## Portability

Operating System have varying support for CPU and memory binding, e.g. while some Operating Systems provide interfaces for all kinds of CPU and memory bindings, some others provide only interfaces for a limited number of kinds of CPU and memory binding, and some do not provide any binding interface at all. Hwloc's binding functions would then simply return the ENOSYS error (Function not implemented), meaning that the underlying Operating System does not provide any interface for them. CPU binding and Memory binding provide more information on which hwloc binding functions should be preferred because interfaces for them are usually available on the supported Operating Systems.

Similarly, the ability of reporting topology information varies from one platform to another. As shown in Command-line Examples, hwloc can obtain information on a wide variety of hardware topologies. However, some platforms and/or operating system versions will only report a subset of this information. For example, on an PPC64-based system with 8 cores (each with 2 hardware threads) running a default 2.6.18-based kernel from RHEL 5.4, hwloc is only able to glean information about NUMA nodes and processor units (PUs). No information about caches, packages, or cores is available.

Here's the graphical output from lstopo on this platform when Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT) is enabled:

And here's the graphical output from lstopo on this platform when SMT is disabled:

Notice that hwloc only sees half the PUs when SMT is disabled. PU L#6, for example, seems to change location from NUMA node #0 to #1. In reality, no PUs "moved" – they were simply re-numbered when hwloc only saw half as many (see also Logical index in Indexes and Sets). Hence, PU L#6 in the SMT-disabled picture probably corresponds to PU L#12 in the SMT-enabled picture.

This same "PUs have disappeared" effect can be seen on other platforms – even platforms / OSs that provide much more information than the above PPC64 system. This is an unfortunate side-effect of how operating systems report information to hwloc.

Note that upgrading the Linux kernel on the same PPC64 system mentioned above to 2.6.34, hwloc is able to discover all the topology information. The following picture shows the entire topology layout when SMT is enabled:

Developers using the hwloc API or XML output for portable applications should therefore be extremely careful to not make any assumptions about the structure of data that is returned. For example, per the above reported PPC topology, it is not safe to assume that PUs will always be descendants of cores.

Additionally, future hardware may insert new topology elements that are not available in this version of hwloc. Long-lived applications that are meant to span multiple different hardware platforms should also be careful about making structure assumptions. For example, a new element may someday exist between a core and a PU.

## API Example

The following small C example (available in the source tree as ``doc/examples/hwloc-hello.c'') prints the topology of the machine and performs some thread and memory binding. More examples are available in the doc/examples/ directory of the source tree.

/*
* SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
* Copyright © 2009-2016 Inria. All rights reserved.
* Copyright © 2009-2011 Université Bordeaux
* Copyright © 2009-2010 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
* See COPYING in top-level directory.
*
* Example hwloc API program.
*
* See other examples under doc/examples/ in the source tree
* for more details.
*
* hwloc-hello.c
*/
#include "hwloc.h"
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
static void print_children(hwloc_topology_t topology, hwloc_obj_t obj,
int depth)
{
char type[32], attr[1024];
unsigned i;
hwloc_obj_type_snprintf(type, sizeof(type), obj, 0);
printf("%*s%s", 2*depth, "", type);
if (obj->os_index != (unsigned) -1)
printf("#%u", obj->os_index);
hwloc_obj_attr_snprintf(attr, sizeof(attr), obj, " ", 0);
if (*attr)
printf("(%s)", attr);
printf("\n");
for (i = 0; i < obj->arity; i++) {
print_children(topology, obj->children[i], depth + 1);
}
}
int main(void)
{
int depth;
unsigned i, n;
unsigned long size;
int levels;
char string[128];
int topodepth;
void *m;
hwloc_topology_t topology;
hwloc_cpuset_t cpuset;
hwloc_obj_t obj;
/* Allocate and initialize topology object. */
hwloc_topology_init(&topology);
/* ... Optionally, put detection configuration here to ignore
some objects types, define a synthetic topology, etc....
The default is to detect all the objects of the machine that
the caller is allowed to access. See Configure Topology
Detection. */
/* Perform the topology detection. */
hwloc_topology_load(topology);
/* Optionally, get some additional topology information
in case we need the topology depth later. */
topodepth = hwloc_topology_get_depth(topology);
/*****************************************************************
* First example:
* Walk the topology with an array style, from level 0 (always
* the system level) to the lowest level (always the proc level).
*****************************************************************/
for (depth = 0; depth < topodepth; depth++) {
printf("*** Objects at level %d\n", depth);
for (i = 0; i < hwloc_get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth);
i++) {
hwloc_obj_type_snprintf(string, sizeof(string),
hwloc_get_obj_by_depth(topology, depth, i), 0);
printf("Index %u: %s\n", i, string);
}
}
/*****************************************************************
* Second example:
* Walk the topology with a tree style.
*****************************************************************/
printf("*** Printing overall tree\n");
print_children(topology, hwloc_get_root_obj(topology), 0);
/*****************************************************************
* Third example:
* Print the number of packages.
*****************************************************************/
depth = hwloc_get_type_depth(topology, HWLOC_OBJ_PACKAGE);
if (depth == HWLOC_TYPE_DEPTH_UNKNOWN) {
printf("*** The number of packages is unknown\n");
} else {
printf("*** %u package(s)\n",
hwloc_get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth));
}
/*****************************************************************
* Fourth example:
* Compute the amount of cache that the first logical processor
* has above it.
*****************************************************************/
levels = 0;
size = 0;
for (obj = hwloc_get_obj_by_type(topology, HWLOC_OBJ_PU, 0);
obj;
obj = obj->parent)
if (hwloc_obj_type_is_cache(obj->type)) {
levels++;
size += obj->attr->cache.size;
}
printf("*** Logical processor 0 has %d caches totaling %luKB\n",
levels, size / 1024);
/*****************************************************************
* Fifth example:
* Bind to only one thread of the last core of the machine.
*
* First find out where cores are, or else smaller sets of CPUs if
* the OS doesn't have the notion of a "core".
*****************************************************************/
depth = hwloc_get_type_or_below_depth(topology, HWLOC_OBJ_CORE);
/* Get last core. */
obj = hwloc_get_obj_by_depth(topology, depth,
hwloc_get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth) - 1);
if (obj) {
/* Get a copy of its cpuset that we may modify. */
cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_dup(obj->cpuset);
/* Get only one logical processor (in case the core is
SMT/hyper-threaded). */
hwloc_bitmap_singlify(cpuset);
/* And try to bind ourself there. */
if (hwloc_set_cpubind(topology, cpuset, 0)) {
char *str;
int error = errno;
hwloc_bitmap_asprintf(&str, obj->cpuset);
printf("Couldn't bind to cpuset %s: %s\n", str, strerror(error));
free(str);
}
/* Free our cpuset copy */
hwloc_bitmap_free(cpuset);
}
/*****************************************************************
* Sixth example:
* Allocate some memory on the last NUMA node, bind some existing
* memory to the last NUMA node.
*****************************************************************/
/* Get last node. There's always at least one. */
n = hwloc_get_nbobjs_by_type(topology, HWLOC_OBJ_NUMANODE);
obj = hwloc_get_obj_by_type(topology, HWLOC_OBJ_NUMANODE, n - 1);
size = 1024*1024;
m = hwloc_alloc_membind(topology, size, obj->nodeset,
HWLOC_MEMBIND_BIND, HWLOC_MEMBIND_BYNODESET);
hwloc_free(topology, m, size);
m = malloc(size);
hwloc_set_area_membind(topology, m, size, obj->nodeset,
HWLOC_MEMBIND_BIND, HWLOC_MEMBIND_BYNODESET);
free(m);
/* Destroy topology object. */
hwloc_topology_destroy(topology);
return 0;
}
hwloc_cpuset_t
hwloc_bitmap_t hwloc_cpuset_t
A CPU set is a bitmap whose bits are set according to CPU physical OS indexes.
Definition hwloc.h:165
HWLOC_OBJ_NUMANODE
@ HWLOC_OBJ_NUMANODE
NUMA node. An object that contains memory that is directly and byte-accessible to the host processors...
Definition hwloc.h:262
HWLOC_OBJ_PACKAGE
@ HWLOC_OBJ_PACKAGE
Physical package. The physical package that usually gets inserted into a socket on the motherboard....
Definition hwloc.h:217
HWLOC_OBJ_PU
@ HWLOC_OBJ_PU
Processing Unit, or (Logical) Processor. An execution unit (may share a core with some other logical ...
Definition hwloc.h:227
HWLOC_OBJ_CORE
@ HWLOC_OBJ_CORE
Core. A computation unit (may be shared by several PUs, aka logical processors).
Definition hwloc.h:223
hwloc_obj_t
struct hwloc_obj * hwloc_obj_t
Convenience typedef; a pointer to a struct hwloc_obj.
Definition hwloc.h:637
hwloc_topology_init
int hwloc_topology_init(hwloc_topology_t *topologyp)
Allocate a topology context.
hwloc_topology_t
struct hwloc_topology * hwloc_topology_t
Topology context.
Definition hwloc.h:748
hwloc_topology_destroy
void hwloc_topology_destroy(hwloc_topology_t topology)
Terminate and free a topology context.
hwloc_topology_load
int hwloc_topology_load(hwloc_topology_t topology)
Build the actual topology.
hwloc_get_obj_by_type
hwloc_obj_t hwloc_get_obj_by_type(hwloc_topology_t topology, hwloc_obj_type_t type, unsigned idx)
Returns the topology object at logical index idx with type type.
hwloc_get_nbobjs_by_depth
unsigned hwloc_get_nbobjs_by_depth(hwloc_topology_t topology, int depth)
Returns the width of level at depth depth.
hwloc_get_obj_by_depth
hwloc_obj_t hwloc_get_obj_by_depth(hwloc_topology_t topology, int depth, unsigned idx)
Returns the topology object at logical index idx from depth depth.
hwloc_get_nbobjs_by_type
int hwloc_get_nbobjs_by_type(hwloc_topology_t topology, hwloc_obj_type_t type)
Returns the width of level type type.
hwloc_get_type_depth
int hwloc_get_type_depth(hwloc_topology_t topology, hwloc_obj_type_t type)
Returns the depth of objects of type type.
hwloc_get_type_or_below_depth
int hwloc_get_type_or_below_depth(hwloc_topology_t topology, hwloc_obj_type_t type)
Returns the depth of objects of type type or below.
hwloc_topology_get_depth
int hwloc_topology_get_depth(hwloc_topology_t restrict topology)
Get the depth of the hierarchical tree of objects.
hwloc_get_root_obj
hwloc_obj_t hwloc_get_root_obj(hwloc_topology_t topology)
Returns the top-object of the topology-tree.
HWLOC_TYPE_DEPTH_UNKNOWN
@ HWLOC_TYPE_DEPTH_UNKNOWN
No object of given type exists in the topology.
Definition hwloc.h:885
hwloc_obj_attr_snprintf
int hwloc_obj_attr_snprintf(char *restrict string, size_t size, hwloc_obj_t obj, const char *restrict separator, int verbose)
Stringify the attributes of a given topology object into a human-readable form.
hwloc_obj_type_snprintf
int hwloc_obj_type_snprintf(char *restrict string, size_t size, hwloc_obj_t obj, int verbose)
Stringify the type of a given topology object into a human-readable form.
hwloc_set_cpubind
int hwloc_set_cpubind(hwloc_topology_t topology, hwloc_const_cpuset_t set, int flags)
Bind current process or thread on CPUs given in physical bitmap set.
hwloc_free
int hwloc_free(hwloc_topology_t topology, void *addr, size_t len)
Free memory that was previously allocated by hwloc_alloc() or hwloc_alloc_membind().
hwloc_alloc_membind
void * hwloc_alloc_membind(hwloc_topology_t topology, size_t len, hwloc_const_bitmap_t set, hwloc_membind_policy_t policy, int flags)
Allocate some memory on NUMA memory nodes specified by set.
hwloc_set_area_membind
int hwloc_set_area_membind(hwloc_topology_t topology, const void *addr, size_t len, hwloc_const_bitmap_t set, hwloc_membind_policy_t policy, int flags)
Bind the already-allocated memory identified by (addr, len) to the NUMA node(s) specified by set.
HWLOC_MEMBIND_BYNODESET
@ HWLOC_MEMBIND_BYNODESET
Consider the bitmap argument as a nodeset.
Definition hwloc.h:1640
HWLOC_MEMBIND_BIND
@ HWLOC_MEMBIND_BIND
Allocate memory on the specified nodes.
Definition hwloc.h:1542
hwloc_obj_type_is_cache
int hwloc_obj_type_is_cache(hwloc_obj_type_t type)
Check whether an object type is a CPU Cache (Data, Unified or Instruction).
hwloc_bitmap_asprintf
int hwloc_bitmap_asprintf(char **strp, hwloc_const_bitmap_t bitmap)
Stringify a bitmap into a newly allocated string in the default hwloc format.
hwloc_bitmap_free
void hwloc_bitmap_free(hwloc_bitmap_t bitmap)
Free bitmap bitmap.
hwloc_bitmap_singlify
int hwloc_bitmap_singlify(hwloc_bitmap_t bitmap)
Keep a single index among those set in bitmap bitmap.
hwloc_bitmap_dup
hwloc_bitmap_t hwloc_bitmap_dup(hwloc_const_bitmap_t bitmap)
Duplicate bitmap bitmap by allocating a new bitmap and copying bitmap contents.
hwloc_obj::children
struct hwloc_obj ** children
Normal children, children[0 .. arity -1].
Definition hwloc.h:497
hwloc_obj::nodeset
hwloc_nodeset_t nodeset
NUMA nodes covered by this object or containing this object.
Definition hwloc.h:581
hwloc_obj::os_index
unsigned os_index
OS-provided physical index number. It is not guaranteed unique across the entire machine,...
Definition hwloc.h:442
hwloc_obj::cpuset
hwloc_cpuset_t cpuset
CPUs covered by this object.
Definition hwloc.h:553
hwloc_obj::arity
unsigned arity
Number of normal children. Memory, Misc and I/O children are not listed here but rather in their dedi...
Definition hwloc.h:493
hwloc_obj::type
hwloc_obj_type_t type
Type of object.
Definition hwloc.h:439
hwloc_obj::attr
union hwloc_obj_attr_u * attr
Object type-specific Attributes, may be NULL if no attribute value was found.
Definition hwloc.h:456
hwloc_obj::parent
struct hwloc_obj * parent
Parent, NULL if root (Machine object).
Definition hwloc.h:487
hwloc_obj_attr_u::cache
struct hwloc_obj_attr_u::hwloc_cache_attr_s cache
hwloc_obj_attr_u::hwloc_cache_attr_s::size
hwloc_uint64_t size
Size of cache in bytes.
Definition hwloc.h:658

hwloc provides a `pkg-config` executable to obtain relevant compiler and linker flags. See Compiling software on top of hwloc's C API for details on building program on top of hwloc's API using GNU Make or CMake.

On a machine 2 processor packages – each package of which has two processing cores – the output from running `hwloc-hello` could be something like the following:

    shell$ ./hwloc-hello
        Objects at level 0
    Index 0: Machine
        Objects at level 1
    Index 0: Package#0
    Index 1: Package#1
        Objects at level 2
    Index 0: Core#0
    Index 1: Core#1
    Index 2: Core#3
    Index 3: Core#2
        Objects at level 3
    Index 0: PU#0
    Index 1: PU#1
    Index 2: PU#2
    Index 3: PU#3
        Printing overall tree
    Machine
      Package#0
        Core#0
          PU#0
        Core#1
          PU#1
      Package#1
        Core#3
          PU#2
        Core#2
          PU#3
        2 package(s)
        Logical processor 0 has 0 caches totaling 0KB
    shell$

# Questions and Bugs

Bugs should be reported in the tracker (https://github.com/open-mpi/hwloc/issues). Opening a new issue automatically displays lots of hints about how to debug and report issues.

Questions may be sent to the users or developers mailing lists (https://www.open-mpi.org/community/lists/hwloc.php).

There is also a #hwloc IRC channel on Libera Chat (irc.libera.chat).

# History / Credits

hwloc is the evolution and merger of the libtopology project and the Portable Linux Processor Affinity (PLPA) (https://www.open-mpi.org/projects/plpa/) project. Because of functional and ideological overlap, these two code bases and ideas were merged and released under the name "hwloc" as an Open MPI sub-project.

libtopology was initially developed by the Inria Runtime Team-Project. PLPA was initially developed by the Open MPI development team as a sub-project. Both are now deprecated in favor of hwloc, which is distributed as an Open MPI sub-project.